Loop-Mediated isothermal amplification in human Cytomegalovirus diagnostic
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.34874/PRSM.mjph-vol3iss2.29134Keywords:
Human Cytomegalovirus, Loop-mediated isothermal amplification, medical diagnostic, molecular biologyAbstract
The pathogenicity and the consequences of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection in immunocompromised persons are reported in the literature and, HCM Viral DNA detection is the reliable indicator of infection especially to study its reactivation after organ transplantation in the recipient patients. Congenital infections in pregnant women cause opportunistic diseases of the central nervous system in new-born. HCMV increases suffering and death in patients with chronic diseases like diabetes, tuberculosis, hepatitis C or patients with immunodeficient HIV/AIDS. Diagnostic methods are present in medical analysis laboratories either by immunofluorescence, Chemiluminescence, immunochromatography, western blot or by molecular biology techniques such as PCR are used to detect qualitatively and/or quantitatively IgG and IgM antibodies in the organism using serum or plasma as samples. The follow-up and treatment of patients are carried out in case the clinical data correlate with specific pathologies and symptoms, thus, the analysis of cytomegalovirus by PCR is requested to be sure of the cause of this pathology and to eliminate other doubts because this virus shares genetic and pathological similarity with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Varicella-Zoster virus (VZV) and Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) as they are all of the same family of the Herpesviridae. The viral load quantified by PCR is a key element for monitoring and treatment. Molecular biology researchers have developed different PCR amplification techniques to answer the question of sensitivity, efficiency, and speed of this technique, and more recently in 2000, Notomi and the EIKEN Chemical Co. Ltd. developed a method of amplification under isothermal conditions named LAMP (Loop-mediated isothermal amplification) which combines speed and easy access for all laboratories that want to use only the less expensive equipment like those used with real-time PCR, later this technique was validated by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the organization recommended it to be used as an alternative in research and diagnostics. In this bibliographic study, we will exploit the contribution of the LAMP method in the diagnosis of human cytomegalovirus.References
. Griffiths, P. D., & Whitley, R. J. (2002). Cytomegalovirus. Practical Guidelines in Antiviral Therapy, 151-171.
. Griffiths, P., Baraniak, I., & Reeves, M. (2015). The pathogenesis of human cytomegalovirus. The Journal of pathology, 235(2), 288-297.
. De Keyzer, K., Van Laecke, S., Peeters, P., & Vanholder, R. (2011). Human cytomegalovirus and kidney transplantation: a clinician's update. American journal of kidney diseases, 58(1), 118-126.
. Ecochard, A. M. (2012). Diabète de type 2. In Endocrinologie de l’adolescent (pp. 71-77). Springer, Paris.
. Cheng, J., Ke, Q., Jin, Z., Wang, H., Kocher, O., Morgan, J. P. ... & Crumpacker, C. S. (2009). Cytomegalovirus infection causes an increase in arterial blood pressure. PLoS Pathog, 5(5), e1000427.
. Delforge, M. L., Costa, E., Brancart, F., Goldman, D., Montesinos, I., Zaytouni, S., ... & Donner, C. (2017). The presence of Cytomegalovirus in the urine and blood of pregnant women with primary infection might be associated with fetal infection. Journal of Clinical Virology, 90, 14-17.
. Fakruddin, M. D., Mazumdar, R. M., Chowdhury, A., & Mannan, K. B. (2012). Nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA)-prospects and applications. Int J Life Sci Pharma Res, 2(1), 106-121.
. Ichihashi, N., & Yomo, T. (2016). Constructive approaches for understanding the origin of self-replication and evolution. Life, 6(3), 26.
. Foley, B. J., Covelli, I., Belousov, Y., Ramachandran, S., Kline, E., Scarr, N., ... & Yager, P. (2015). Isothermal strand displacement amplification (iSDA): a rapid and sensitive method of nucleic acid amplification for point-of-care diagnosis. Analyst, 140(22), 7540-7549.
. Ho, M. (2008). The history of cytomegalovirus and its diseases. Medical microbiology and immunology, 197(2), 65-73.
. A Ross, S., Novak, Z., Pati, S., & B Boppana, S. (2011). Overview of the diagnosis of cytomegalovirus infection. Infectious Disorders-Drug Targets (Formerly Current Drug Targets-Infectious Disorders), 11(5), 466-474.
. Stockdale, L., Nash, S., Nalwoga, A., Painter, H., Asiki, G., Fletcher, H., & Newton, R. (2018). Human cytomegalovirus epidemiology and relationship to tuberculosis and cardiovascular disease risk factors in a rural Ugandan cohort. PloS one, 13(2), e0192086.
. Morton, C. C., & Nance, W. E. (2006). Newborn hearing screening—a silent revolution. New England Journal of Medicine, 354(20), 2151-2164.
. Komatsu, T. E., Pikis, A., Naeger, L. K., & Harrington, P. R. (2014). Resistance of human cytomegalovirus to ganciclovir/valganciclovir: a comprehensive review of putative resistance pathways. Antiviral Research, 101, 12-25.
. De la Calle, M., Baquero-Artigao, F., Rodríguez-Molino, P., Cabanes, M., Cabrera, M., Antolin, E., ... & Bartha, J. L. (2020). Combined treatment with immunoglobulin and valaciclovir in pregnant women with cytomegalovirus infection and high risk of symptomatic fetal disease. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 1-5.
. Bhatia, J., Shah, B. V., Mehta, A. P., Deshmukhn, M., Sirsat, R., & Rodrigues, C. (2004). Comparing serology, antigenemia assay and polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of cytomegalovirus infection in renal transplant patients. JAPI, 52, 297-300.
. Notomi, T., Okayama, H., Masubuchi, H., Yonekawa, T., Watanabe, K., Amino, N., & Hase, T. (2000). Loop-mediated isothermal amplification of DNA. Nucleic acids research, 28(12), e63-e63.
. Reddy, A. K., Balne, P. K., Reddy, R. K., Mathai, A., & Kaur, I. (2010). Development and evaluation of loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for rapid and inexpensive detection of cytomegalovirus DNA in vitreous specimens from suspected cases of viral retinitis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 48(6), 2050-2052.
. Enright, A. M., & Prober, C. G. (2004). Herpesviridae infections in newborns: varicella-zoster virus, herpes simplex virus, and cytomegalovirus. Pediatric Clinics, 51(4), 889-908.
. Notomi, T., Okayama, H., Masubuchi, H., Yonekawa, T., Watanabe, K., Amino, N., & Hase, T. (2000). Loop-mediated isothermal amplification of DNA. Nucleic acids research, 28(12), e63-e63.
. Wang, X., Li, X., Hu, S., Qu, H., Zhang, Y., Ni, H., & Wang, X. (2015). Rapid detection of active human cytomegalovirus infection in pregnancy using loop-mediated isothermal amplification. Molecular medicine reports, 12(2), 2269-2274.
