Objective: provide evidence-based recommendations for treatment of symptomatic and provoked seizures.

Methods:we defined relevant questions and systematically reviewed published studies, basing recommendations on evidence level.

Results and recommendations: risk factors for seizure recurrence were epileptiform discharge on EEG (level A), neurological insult and brain imaging abnormality (level A), remote symptomatic seizure (level B), having a second seizure (level C). Early AED therapy does not alter long-term risk of developing epilepsy (level A), but has a potential benefit in short-term seizure recurrence (level A).