Du code domanial et foncier à la loi domaniale et foncière: la réalité de la reconnaissance des droits fonciers coûtumiers est-elle en cause au Mali ?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.48346/IMIST.PRSM/ajlp-gs.v6i2.37309Keywords:
Land certification, Colonization, Customary law, Land registration, Agricultural land lawAbstract
Context and background
In 2017 Mali developed a law recognizing the customary land rights of local populations called the "Loi sur le Foncier Agricole" (LFA, Farmland Land Law). This law was celebrated by rural populations, particularly farmers, who saw their family farms protected from state monopolization through incorporation into the private real estate domain of the state by means of registration. It was in this euphoria that the Land Law (LDF) was passed in 2020 by ordinance. No.21-056 of October 7, 2021.
Goal and Objectives:
The purpose of our study was to know the impact of this LDF on the achievements of the LFA. Is the new legislation in line with the logic of protecting traditional, customary agricultural land, the object of the LFA, or does it call into question the gains made?.
Methodology:
Through a comparative analysis of the LFA and its application texts that are still in place, the LDF and its application decrees, the former Land and Property Code (CDF) and its application texts, the texts on decentralization in Mali, the laws on administrative organization and the laws on the Domain services.
Results:
The results of our research have shown that the new law on domains and land tenure is an insidious but violent challenge to the LFA in that it integrates customary lands, which are the subject of the LFA, into the State's private real estate domain as they were before the LFA was adopted in 2017. In addition, it abolishes the precarious titles that were an opportunity for the poor to access land to live on (agriculture, rural concessions) and to find housing (urban and rural housing concessions) in favor of a single document, the land title. This law sounds the death knell of legal dualism in a Mali that is still predominantly agricultural, where custom governs the essential aspects of social relations.
References
Akaateba, M. A. (2019). The politics of customary land rights transformation in peri-urban Ghana: Powers of exclusion in the era of land commodification. Land Use Policy, 88, 104197.
Alécan, S., & Fouchier, D. (2002). Le management dans le service public (Editions d).
Benjaminsen, T. A., & Ba, B. (2019). Why do pastoralists in Mali join jihadist groups? A political ecological explanation. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 46(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2018.1474457
Benjaminsen, T. A., Holden, S., Lund, C., & Sjaastad, E. (2009). Formalisation of land rights: Some empirical evidence from Mali, Niger and South Africa. Land Use Policy, 26(1), 28–35.
Bleck, J. (2011). Countries at the Crossroads 2011–Mali. Freedom House, 11.
Césaire, A. (1989). Discours sur le colonialisme. Éditions Présence Africaine.
Ciparisse, G. (2005). Thésaurus multilingue du foncier. Version Française. Rome: Organisation Des Nations Unies Pour l’Alimentation et l’Agriculture (FAO).
Commission de l’Union Africaine. (2015). Agenda 2063.
Coulibaly, B., Sagoe, G., & Shixiang, L. (2021). Towards poverty alleviation in developing countries: An empirical study of the impact of land tenure reforms in Kati, Mali. PLoS ONE, 16(3 March). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246502
Diawara, B. (2019). Territorialisation des politiques publiques et reconstruction de l’Etat au Mali en termes de gouvernance. Paris Est.
Djiré, M. (2007). Les paysans maliens exclus de la propriété foncière. Les Avatars de l’appropriation Par Le Titre Foncier. Dossier, 144.
FAO. (2002). Land Tenure and Rural Development. https://www.fao.org/3/y4307e/y4307e.pdf
Holden, S. T., & Ghebru, H. (2016). Land tenure reforms, tenure security and food security in poor agrarian economies: Causal linkages and research gaps. Global Food Security, 10, 21–28.
Jacquemot, P. (2013). Economie politique de l’Afrique contemporaine: Concepts, analyses, politiques. Armand Colin.
Lumumba, O. R. (2020). Kenya Land Policy Making, Implementation and Outcomes: This Far. African Journal on Land Policy and Geospatial Sciences, 3(1), 143–156.
Malijet. (2019). Opérations de cession des bâtiments publics de l’Etat : Qu’a-t-on fait de l’argent récolté ? Nouvel Horizon.
Malijet. (2021). Grande braderie du patrimoine immobilier de l’état, 27 bâtiments publics vendus au 1/5 de leurs valeurs puis loués de nouveau à l’Etat. Nouveau Réveil.
Mushinge, A., Simposya, A. M., & Chowa, S. (2020). Threats of Statutory Tenure on Customary Land in Zambia: Evidence from Chamuka Chiefdom in Chisamba District. African Journal on Land Policy and Geospatial Sciences, 3(2), 41–52.
Nouveau Réveil. (2022). Bradage des bâtiments publics au Mali : Le gouvernement de transition engage des poursuites à l’encontre des personnes impliquées. Bamako.Com.
Ouedraogo, H. M. G. (2011). De la connaissance à la reconnaissance des droits fonciers africains endogènes. Études Rurales, 187, 79–93.
Primature. (2022). CM N°2022-16/SGG Communiqué du Conseil des Ministres du Mali du mercredi 06 avril 2022.
Pringle, R. (2006). Democratization in Mali:. US Institute of Peace.
Rose, L. L. (2002). African Elites’ Land Control Maneuvers. Études Rurales, 163–164, 187–213. https://doi.org/10.4000/etudesrurales.7979
Sarr, S. A. (2012). La domanialité des biens de l’Administration publique à l’épreuve des régimes fonciers traditionnels: le cas du Mali. Université de Grenoble.
Shipley, T. (2017). Mali: Overview of corruption and anti-corruption. U4 Expert Answer, Transparency International. U4 Anti-Corruption Resource Centre.
SISSOKO, F. (2020). Land-use planning implementation uncertainty in Bamako District. African Journal on Land Policy and Geospatial Sciences, 3(1), 32–44.
Tshiyembe, M. (1995). Etat et société en Afrique: construction étatique et désintégration sociale: essai sur une théorie sociologique de fondation de l’Etat plural en Afrique noire. Nancy 2.
Unies, N. (2015). Objectifs du développement durable des Nations Unies.
Winters, M. S., & Conroy-Krutz, J. (2021). Preferences for traditional and formal sector justice institutions to address land disputes in rural Mali. World Development, 142, 105452.
Zheng, X., Wang, R., Hoekstra, A. Y., Krol, M. S., Zhang, Y., Guo, K., Sanwal, M., Sun, Z., Zhu, J., & Zhang, J. (2021). Consideration of culture is vital if we are to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. One Earth, 4(2), 307–319.
