Spatial assessment of open defecation in the core area of Akure metropolis, Ondo state, Nigeria.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.48346/IMIST.PRSM/ajlp-gs.v5i4.31482Keywords:
Hotspots, Inverse Distance Weighted, Open Defecation (OD), Open Defecation free (ODF), Cold Spots.Abstract
There have been some approaches in tackling Open defecation both locally and globally, but nevertheless open defecation still exists. This study aimed at spatially assessing the practice of open defecation in the study area which serves as one of the ways towards achieving an Open Defecation Free (ODF) city. The data used in the study include primary and secondary data. These are; the coordinates of Open Defecation sites, public toilets, markets and schools which was acquired with the aid of Global Positioning System (GPS) and 2020 google earth satellite imagery. The coordinates acquired were plotted in ArcGIS 10.3 software to determine their spatial distribution. Hotspot analysis was applied to examine the level of practice of open defecation in the study area. Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) interpolation was used to identify the spread of practice of Open Defecation. The result shows that most dump sites has been converted to Open Defecation sites and are found to be very close to places with influx of people such as markets. In addition, the study shows that the existing public toilets are not sufficient and as a result, three new toilets were proposed. Furthermore, the study shows specifically that Araromi, Sabo, Stadium road, Imuagan, Odo Ikoyi, Oja Oshodi, Odo ikoyi, Ijemikin and Ajaye street were the major hotspots where open defecation is practiced in the study area. This study recommends a quick attention on the identified hotspot locations in the study area by the government and agencies working towards Open Defecation Free (ODF) city.
References
American Restroom Association (ARA) (2020). American Restroom Association guidelines for public toilet provision. www.americanrestroom.org/outdoor-toilet-facilities-availability-guidelines/ Retrieved on 16th June, 2021.
ArcGIS (2021). An overview of spatial adjustment http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.3/index.cfm Retrieved on 27th February,2021.
Deise I.G, Seung-Sup Kim, and Jay P.G (2013). Exploring changes in open defecation prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa based on national level indices. BMC Public Health 13:527. pg 2-12.
Federal Ministry of Water Resources (2016). “Making Nigeria Open Defecation Free by 2025: A National Roadmap”. https://www.unicef.org/nigeria/reports/making-nigeria-open-defecation-free-2025-national-road-map/ Retrieved on 26th September, 2020
Geospatiality (2016). What is Hotspot Analysis.
https://glenbambrick.com/2016/01/21/what-is-hotspot-analysis Retrieved on 29th January, 2021.
Issaka K.O, Enoch A.K and Frank A.,(2019). Determinants of Open Defecation in the Wa Municipality of Ghana: Empirical Findings Highlighting Sociocultural and Economic Dynamics among Households,. Journal of Environmental and Public Health Volume 2019.
Niall McCarthy, (2019). Progress Against Open Defecation.
www.statista.com/chart/18419/progress-against-open-defecation/ Retrieved on 3rd August, 2020.
Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission (NIPC), (2021). Things to know about Ondo State.
www.nipc.gov.ng/nigeria-states/ondo-states/ Retrieved on 17th February,2021.
Ondo State, (2019). Ondo Government Decision on Open Defecation
https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/06/ondo-govt-bans-open-defecation-2/PDF Retrieved on 6th October, 2019.
Primoz K. (2011). How to map open defecation areas.
https://www.mapkibera.org/blog/2011/03/03/how-to-map-open-defecation-areas/ Retrieved on 6th December, 2019.
Purnama M.Y, Soedarti, Oktavitri N.I. and Fitriani N. (2019). Distribution Mapping of Open Defecation (OD) in Houses in East Surabaya based on Geographic Information System (GIS). https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/259/1/012023/pdf Retrieved on 15th March, 2021
Rajeev S., Koushlesh R. and Harshit V. (2015). Satellite Imaging and Surveillance of Infectious Diseases. Journal of Tropical Diseases, S1-004.Pg 1-6
Shelter Associates (SA) (2017). “How GIS and mapping is helping improve sanitation in India” https://www.slideshare.net/geospatialmedia/how-gis-and-mapping-is-helping-improve-sanitation-in-india Retrieved on 6th October, 2019.
Stopka T.J and Geraghty E.M, (2013). Use of Spatial Epidemiology and Hot Spot Analysis to Target Women Eligible for Prenatal Women, Infants, and Children Services. AJPH.2013.301769
Thiga L.M, Wilberforce C. (2017). An assessment of open defecation among residents of Thika East Sub-County, Kiambu County, Kenya. International Journal of Medicine Research.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329443467_An_assessment_of_open_defecation_among_residents_of_Thika_East_Sub-County_Kiambu_County_Kenya/ Retrieved on 29th March, 2020.
UNICEF (2015). Progress on Sanitation and Drinking Water – 2015 update and MDG assessment. www.wssinfo.org Retrieved on 4th November, 2021.
UNICEF (2016). UNICEF’s game plan to end open defecation.
https://www.unicef.org/wash/files/UNICEF_Game_plan_to_end_open_defecation_2018.pdf. Retrieved on 4th November, 2021.
World Health Organization (WHO) (2015). Progress on Sanitation and Drinking Water – 2015 update and MDG assessment. www.wssinfo.org/ Retrieved on 18th July,2021
World Health Organization (WHO) (2018). Summary of the Global Task Force on Cholera Control's Interim Guidance on Cholera Surveillance.
https://www.who.int/immunization/monitoring_surveillance/burden/vpd/WHO_SurveillanceVaccinePreventable_02_Cholera_R2.pdf?ua=1. Retrieved on 15th October, 2019.
